Which of the following are types of controls used in Integrated Pest Management?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is a comprehensive approach that utilizes a variety of control methods to manage pest populations effectively and sustainably. The correct choice highlights the key components of IPM, which include biological, chemical, and cultural controls.

Biological controls involve the use of natural predators, parasites, or pathogens to manage pest populations. This method harnesses the existing natural ecosystem to keep pest numbers in check, reducing reliance on synthetic chemicals.

Chemical controls refer to the application of pesticides, which is a common method for managing pest outbreaks. However, in IPM, the use of chemicals is strategic and limited to necessary situations, minimizing their impact on non-target organisms and the environment.

Cultural controls encompass various agricultural practices that alter the environment to make it less conducive to pest infestations. This can include crop rotation, habitat manipulation, and adjusting planting times or varieties to reduce pest attraction.

By combining these three types of controls—biological, chemical, and cultural—IPM promotes a balanced approach that aims to effectively manage pests while minimizing risks to human health, beneficial organisms, and the environment. This holistic strategy is what distinguishes IPM from relying on a single method of control.