Which of the following are types of controls used in Integrated Pest Management?

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) employs a holistic approach to controlling pest populations, and it incorporates a variety of control methods to manage pests in an effective and environmentally sound manner. The correct response highlights the three main types of controls utilized in IPM: biological, chemical, and cultural controls.

Biological controls involve the use of natural enemies, such as predators, parasites, or pathogens, to reduce pest populations. This method leverages the ecosystem's natural balance, promoting an environment where beneficial organisms can help manage pest issues.

Chemical controls refer to the use of pesticides or other chemical agents to eliminate or manage pest populations. In an IPM framework, these chemicals are used judiciously and in conjunction with other methods to reduce reliance on them and minimize negative impacts on the environment and non-target organisms.

Cultural controls encompass practices that alter the environment to make it less conducive to pest infestation. This can include crop rotation, planting pest-resistant varieties, and timing of planting and harvesting to disrupt pest life cycles.

By utilizing a combination of these three types of controls, Integrated Pest Management ensures a more sustainable and effective approach to pest control, reducing the likelihood of pest resistance and limiting environmental damage. Other answer choices suggest a narrower focus, overlooking the multi-faceted nature